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Forwarded from: "Lennon, Elizabeth B."  (at) nist.gov> 

ITL BULLETIN FOR NOVEMBER 2009

CYBERSECURITY FUNDAMENTALS FOR SMALL BUSINESS OWNERS

Shirley Radack, Editor
Computer Security Division
Information Technology Laboratory
National Institute of Standards and Technology
U.S. Department of Commerce


Small businesses contribute significantly to the U.S. economy, 
comprising over 95 percent of all businesses in our country, producing 
about 50 percent of our Gross National Product (GNP), and creating about 
50 percent of all of the new jobs. Small business owners face serious 
challenges in protecting their business information and the private 
information of their customers and employees. Often lacking sufficient 
resources to secure their information infrastructures effectively, small 
businesses are frequent targets of criminal attacks and hostile threats 
to systems.


The Information Technology Laboratory of the National Institute of 
Standards and Technology (NIST) recently issued a new guide that tailors 
basic information on cybersecurity to the specific needs of small 
business owners to help them in planning for and managing secure 
information systems. NIST Interagency Report (NISTIR) 7621, Small 
Business Information Security: The Fundamentals, by Richard Kissel, 
presents three major areas that small businesses should address to 
provide security for their information, systems, and networks: essential 
information security practices, highly recommended practices, and other 
planning considerations. The major recommendations for each of these 
three areas are summarized in the following sections of this bulletin. 
The guide, which is available at 
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistir/ir7621/nistir-7621.pdf, 
provides more details on each of these actions and advises about steps 
to be taken for specific operating systems.


The best practices recommended by NIST focus on helping small businesses 
to avoid the costs of not protecting systems and information, and to 
protect the safety and security of=C2=A0 information of their customers and 
their employees, as well as their sensitive business information.=C2=A0


Ten Essential Activities to Protect Small Business Information, Systems, 
and Networks


NIST recommends that small business organizations take the following 
actions to improve the effectiveness and security of their information 
systems:=C2=A0


* Protect information, systems, and networks from damage by viruses, 
  spyware, and other malicious code.


Small businesses should install antivirus and antispyware software on 
every computer used in their business operations. The antivirus and 
antispyware software, which is readily available from commercial 
software vendors, should be updated regularly. Many vendors offer 
subscriptions to =E2=80=9Csecurity service=E2=80=9D applications, which provide multiple 
layers of protection, in addition to antivirus and antispyware 
protection. The software can be set to automatically check for updates 
and to carry out security scans at scheduled times, such as during the 
night. Business organizations should obtain copies of the antivirus 
software that is used by the business systems for the home systems of 
those employees who work at home.=C2=A0


* Provide security for Internet connection.


Business computers and networks that have broadband access to the 
Internet for 24 hours a day every day are exposed to continual hostile 
threats. Small businesses should install and keep operational a hardware 
firewall between their internal networks and the Internet. The firewall 
function may be provided by a wireless access point or router installed 
by the small business or by a router operated by the Internet Service 
Provider (ISP) of the small business. Home systems used by employees 
working at home should be protected by a hardware firewall between their 
systems and the Internet.=C2=A0 Administrative passwords and default 
passwords provided with new software should be changed when the firewall 
is installed, and at regular intervals thereafter.=C2=A0


* Install and activate software firewalls on all business systems.


A software firewall should be installed and used on every operational 
computer system, and should be updated regularly. Software firewalls are 
needed to supplement the protection provided by hardware firewalls. Some 
operating systems include firewalls installed as part of the system. 
Software firewalls are available for purchase from vendors, and 
sometimes can be obtained free of cost. All systems, including 
employees=E2=80=99 home systems, should be checked to assure that the software 
firewalls are installed and operational. More detailed information on 
software firewalls available for different operating systems is included 
in NISTIR 7621.


* Patch all operating systems and applications.


The vendors of major operating systems generally provide patches and 
updates to their products to correct discovered security problems and to 
improve functionality of the software. Patches should be applied to 
installed business systems regularly, and installed on all new systems 
and software. Details on the installation of patches are included in 
NISTIR 7621.


* Make backup copies of important business data and information.


Copies should be made of all data including word processing documents, 
electronic spreadsheets, databases, financial files, human resources 
files, accounts receivable and payable files, and other information used 
in or generated by the business. This will prevent loss of data when 
there are equipment failures, employee errors, or destruction of data by 
malicious code. An automatic backup should be done at least once a week, 
and stored on a separate hard disk on each business computer, off-line 
on a form of removable media, or in online storage. A full backup of all 
data should be made once a month, and stored away from the business 
location. Regular backups and monthly backups, which can be made on 
external Universal Serial Bus (USB) hard drives, should be tested 
regularly to ensure that the data can be accessed and used=C2=A0


* Control physical access to business computers and network components.


Unauthorized persons should not be allowed to access or to use any 
business computers, including laptops. Computers should not be available 
to access by cleaning crews or by unsupervised repair personnel. 
Employees working at their computers should position their displays so 
that they cannot be seen by people walking by an office or by unknown 
strangers who may walk into an office.=C2=A0


* Secure wireless access points and networks.


Small business owners who use wireless networking should set the 
wireless access point so that it does not broadcast its Service Set 
Identifier (SSID). When new devices are acquired, the administrative 
password that was on the device when it was purchased should be changed. 
Strong encryption should be used so that data being transmitted between 
the businesses=E2=80=99 computers and the wireless access point cannot be easily 
intercepted and read by electronic eavesdroppers. The current 
recommended encryption is WiFi Protected Access 2 (WPA-2), which uses 
the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for secure encryption.


* Train employees in basic security principles.


Employees should be trained to use the sensitive business information 
properly and to protect the business=E2=80=99 and its customer=E2=80=99s information. 
Employees should receive training on the organization=E2=80=99s information 
security policies, including the use of computers, networks and Internet 
connections, the limitations on personal use of telephones, printers, 
and other business resources, and any restrictions on processing 
business data at home.=C2=A0 After receiving their training, employees should 
be requested to sign a statement indicating that they understand and 
will follow business policies, and that they understand the penalties 
for not following the policies. Security training for employees can be 
arranged through the local Small Business Development Center (SBDC), 
community college, technical college, or commercial training vendors.


* Require individual accounts for each employee using business computers 
  and business applications.=C2=A0


A separate account should be established for each individual computer 
user, and strong passwords should be used. Passwords should be changed 
at least every three months.=C2=A0 The employees=E2=80=99 individual accounts should 
not have access to administrative accounts to avoid the installation and 
spread of unauthorized software or malicious code.=C2=A0


* Limit access to data and information by employees, and limit the 
  authority to install software.


Access to all data and to all systems, including financial, personnel, 
inventory, and manufacturing, should not be provided to any one 
employee. Access to systems and data should be limited to the specific 
systems and information that employees need to do their jobs. One 
employee should not be allowed to both initiate and approve 
transactions, such as financial transactions.=C2=A0=C2=A0


Highly Recommended Practices for Small Businesses


The following practices are also very important and should be 
implemented immediately after the essential activities are put into 
effect.=C2=A0


* Examine carefully email attachments and emails that request sensitive 
  information.


Email attachments should not be opened unless the email is expected and 
the sender is trusted since this is a means for distributing spyware or 
malicious code. The individual who may have sent the email should be 
called and asked if the mail is legitimate. If the sender=E2=80=99s computer has 
been compromised by malicious code, the code can be installed on the 
computer of the person who opens the attachments that have been sent.


* Examine carefully web links in email, instant messages, social media, 
  and other communications.


Connecting to links in email messages can lead to the installation of 
malicious software, viruses, or key stroke logging software on the 
user=E2=80=99s computer. These links should be avoided unless the sender is 
trusted and the web link is known to be a legitimate one.


* Avoid popup windows and other hacker tricks.


Popup windows that request a response should be closed. Attackers 
frequently develop popup windows to try to trick the user into 
downloading and installing spyware or other malicious code. Employees 
should be trained not to bring into the office any USB drives that might 
be infected by hackers, and they should not plug them into the business 
computers.=C2=A0


* Conduct online business and online banking securely.


Online business, commerce, and banking should be conducted using a 
secure browser connection. This will normally be indicated by a small 
lock visible in the lower right corner of the web browser window. The 
web browser cache, temporary Internet files, cookies, and history 
associated with online commerce or banking sessions should be erased 
after the end of the sessions. This will prevent sensitive information 
from being stolen by a hacker or by a malware program, if the system has 
been compromised.=C2=A0=C2=A0


* Engage in secure personnel practices when hiring employees.


Comprehensive, nationwide background checks should be conducted before 
new employees are hired, and criminal background checks should be 
considered for all prospective new employees. Online background checks 
are quick, relatively inexpensive, and readily available. In addition, 
credit checks on prospective employees should be considered, and the 
references provided by prospective employees and their former employers 
should be contacted.=C2=A0


* Adopt secure practices for web surfing.


Users with administrative privileges should not surf the web to avoid 
the installation of malicious code. A guest account with limited 
privileges can be established for those employees who need web access, 
such as for educational purposes.=C2=A0


* Limit the downloading of software from the Internet.


Software should not be downloaded from any unknown web page. Only web 
pages from trusted business partners and services, such as operating 
system providers, should be downloaded. Freeware or shareware from a 
source on the web should be examined carefully. Though there may be no 
cost, this software often does not provide technical support.=C2=A0


* Seek specialized expertise in information system security when it is 
  needed.=C2=A0=C2=A0


Sources of expertise in information security for small businesses 
include Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs), Service Corps of 
Retired Executives (SCORE), local Chambers of Commerce, Better Business 
Bureaus, and community and technical colleges. All potential service 
providers should be examined and reviewed for past performance and 
references.=C2=A0


* Protect sensitive information when disposing of old computers and 
  media.


Small businesses should dispose of old business computers by removing 
and destroying the hard disks, electronic components, and connectors. 
Also old storage media that is obsolete and no longer usable, such as 
CDs, floppy disks, and USB drives, should be destroyed, and paper 
containing sensitive information should be shredded.=C2=A0


* Protect information and systems from social engineering techniques.


Social engineering is a personal or electronic attempt to obtain 
unauthorized information or access to systems or sensitive areas by 
attackers who manipulate people. The process is often conducted through 
telephone calls. Employees should be trained to be helpful, but to be 
vigilant when asked for information or special system access, and to 
authenticate callers by asking for identification information. All 
attempts by outsiders to obtain information or system access should be 
reported to management.=C2=A0


Planning Considerations


In addition to the operational procedures described above, small 
businesses should consider the following issues when planning and 
implementing their information systems:


* Contingency and disaster recover planning.


Plans should be developed for restoring business operations that might 
be interrupted by natural disasters and contingencies, such as floods, 
fires, tornados, power outages, sewer backups, or water damages. Since 
power outages are common, each computer and critical network component 
should be connected to an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). An 
inventory should be made of all information used for operating the 
business. The information in the inventory should be prioritized for its 
importance to the business.=C2=A0 Appendices A and B of the NIST small 
business guide include worksheet templates to help small businesses 
collect and evaluate this information.


* Cost-avoidance considerations in information security.


While there is a cost involved in protecting information, small 
businesses must consider the costs of not protecting information. For 
example, some states have enacted notification laws that require 
businesses, including small businesses, to notify, in a specified 
manner, all persons whose data might have been exposed in a security 
breach, such as a hacker incident, malicious code incident, or an 
unauthorized release of information. Appendix C of the guide contains a 
worksheet that can be used by small businesses to calculate the costs of 
not providing adequate protection to each data type used in the 
business, from the highest priority to the lowest priority, and for 
different information security incidents.=C2=A0=C2=A0


* Business policies related to information security and other topics.


Small businesses should develop and circulate written policies that 
identify acceptable practices and expectations for business operations. 
Some of the policies are related to human resources, and others are 
concerned with permitted employee practices for using business 
resources, such as telephones, computers, printers, fax machines, and 
Internet access. The range of potential policies is largely determined 
by the type of business and the degree of control and accountability 
desired by the business owner. Legal and regulatory requirements may 
also require that certain policies be put in place and enforced.


Policies for appropriate use of information, computers, and networks, 
and policies for Internet security should be formulated to convey the 
business management=E2=80=99s expectations to employees. These policies should 
identify the information and other resources that are essential to the 
operation of the business, and should describe how management expects 
the resources to be used and protected by all employees.


These policies should be communicated clearly to all employees, and all 
employees should sign a statement stating that they have read the 
policies, that they will follow the policies, and that they understand 
the possible penalties for violating the policies. This will help 
management to hold employees accountable for violation of the business 
policies. Penalties should be established for disregarding business 
policies, and all penalties should be enforced fairly and consistently 
for anyone who violates the policies of the business.

NIST Publications


NIST Interagency Report (NISTIR) 7621, Small Business Information 
Security: The Fundamentals, by Richard Kissel of NIST, is available on 
NIST=E2=80=99s web page

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsNISTIRs.html. 


For information about other NIST security-related publications, 
including information about the use of firewalls, media sanitization, 
and encryption, see NIST=E2=80=99s web page

http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/index.html. 


More Information


The term Small Enterprise (or Small Organization) is sometimes used for 
small businesses. A small enterprise or organization may also be a 
nonprofit organization. The size of a small business varies by type of 
business, but typically it is a business or organization with up to 500 
employees (according to the U.S. Small Business Administration).


U.S. Small Business Administration 
http://www.sba.gov/idc/groups/public/documents/sba_homepage/serv_sstd_tablepdf.pdf 


White House Blog (information about cybersecurity awareness) 
http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2009/10/26/cybersecurity-awareness-month-part-iv 


Federal Trade Commission (for information on identity theft) 
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/edu/microsites/idtheft/ 


Disclaimer

Any mention of commercial products or reference to commercial 
organizations is for information only; it does not imply recommendation 
or endorsement by NIST nor does it imply that the products mentioned are 
necessarily the best available for the purpose.


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